1 introduction 1 2 creating and destroying objects 5 item 1: consider static factory methods instead of constructors 5 item 2: consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters 11 item 3: enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type 17 item 4: enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor 19 item 5: avoid creating unnecessary objects 20 item 6: eliminate obsolete object references 24 item 7: avoid finalizers 27 3 methods common to all objects 33 item 8: obey the general contract when overriding equals 33 item 9: always override hashcode when you overrideequals 45 item 10: always override tostring 51 item 11: override clone judiciously 54 item 12: consider implementing comparable 62 4 classes and interfaces 67 item 13: minimize the accessibility of classes and members 67 item 14: in public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields 71 item 15: minimize mutability 73 item 16: favor composition over inheritance 81 item 17: design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it 87 item 18: prefer interfaces to abstract classes 93 item 19: use interfaces only to define types 98 item 20: prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes 100 item 21: use function objects to represent strategies 103 item 22: favor static member classes over nonstatic 106 5 generics 109 item 23: don't use raw types in new code 109 item 24: eliminate unchecked warnings 116 item 25: prefer lists to arrays 119 item 26: favor generic types 124 item 27: favor generic methods 129 item 28: use bounded wildcards to increase api flexibility 134 item 29: consider typesafe heterogeneous containers 142 6 enums and annotations 147 item 30: use enums instead of int constants 147 item 31: use instance fields instead of ordinals 158 item 32: use enumset instead of bit fields 159 item 33: use enummap instead of ordinal indexing 161 item 34: emulate extensible enums with interfaces 165 item 35: prefer annotations to naming patterns 169 item 36: consistently use the override annotation 176 item 37: use marker interfaces to define types 179 7 methods 181 item 38: check parameters for validity .. 181 item 39: make defensive copies when needed 184 item 40: design method signatures carefully 189 item 41: use overloading judiciously 191 item 42: use varargs judiciously 197 item 43: return empty arrays or collections, not nulls 201 item 44: write doc comments for all exposed api elements 203 8 general programming 209 item 45: minimize the scope of local variables 209 item 46: prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops 212 item 47: know and use the libraries 215 item 48: avoid float and double if exact answers are required 218 item 49: prefer primitive types to boxed primitives 221 item 50: avoid strings where other types are more appropriate 224 item 51: beware the performance of string concatenation 227 item 52: refer to objects by their interfaces 228 item 53: prefer interfaces to reflection 230 item 54: use native methods judiciously 233 item 55: optimize judiciously 234 item 56: adhere to generally accepted naming conventions 237 9 exceptions 241 item 57: use exceptions only for exceptional conditions 241 item 58: use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors 244 item 59: avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions 246 item 60: favor the use of standard exceptions 248 item 61: throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction 250 item 62: document all exceptions thrown by each method 252 item 63: include failure-capture information in detail messages 254 item 64: strive for failure atomicity 256 item 65: don't ignore exceptions 258 10 concurrency 259 item 66: synchronize access to shared mutable data 259 item 67: avoid excessive synchronization 265 item 68: prefer executors and tasks to threads 271 item 69: prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify 273 item 70: document thread safety 278 item 71: use lazy initialization judiciously 282 item 72: don't depend on the thread scheduler 286 item 73: avoid thread groups 288 11 serialization 289 item 74: implement serializable judiciously 289 item 75: consider using a custom serialized form 295 item 76: write readobject methods defensively 302 item 77: for instance control, prefer enum types toreadresolve 308 item 78: consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances 312 appendix: items corresponding to first edition 317 references 321 index 327
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