目录 Preface Acknowledgment Author biography 1 Introduction 1.1 Stellar structure 1.1.1 Polytropic and isothermal gas spheres 1.2 Equations of stellar structure 1.3 Our Sun 1.4 Stellar atmospheres 1.5 Stellar evolution 1.6 Galaxies References 2 The Milky Way Galaxy 2.1 Coordinate systems, parallax and radial velocities 2.2 The equatorial coordinate system 2.3 Rotational transformations 2.4 Stellar motions 2.5 Measuring stellar parallaxes 2.6 Hipparcos results 2.7 Time in astronomy 2.8 Inertial reference frames 2.9 Galactic structure 2.9.1 Space distribution of stars 2.10 The interstellar medium 2.11 Star counts 2.12 Initial stellar mass function 2.13 Stellar kinematics 2.14 Mass of the Galaxy 2.15 Milky Way formation References 3 External galaxies 3.1 History 3.2 Elliptical galaxies 3.3 Spiral galaxies 3.4 The Tully-Fisher relationship for spiral galaxies 3.5 Spiral structures through stochastic star formation 3.6 The cosmic distance ladder 3.7 Dark matter References 4 Active galaxies, quasars and supermassive black holes 4.1 Active galaxies 4.2 Classifications of active galaxies 4.3 Discovery and history of quasars 4.4 Synchrotron emission 4.5 Accreting black holes 4.6 Jet acceleration 4.7 Synchrotron-self-Compton jets 4.8 Unified model of quasars 4.9 Quasar variability References
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