Preface Ⅰ List of Abbreviations Ⅺ Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Theoretical and Empirical Background 9 2.1 Definition of Key Terms 9 2.1.1 Bilinguals 9 2.1.2 Mental Lexicon 11 2.1.3 Lexical Representation 11 2.1.4 Lexical Processing 12 2.1.5 Lexical Automatic Activation 13 2.1.6 Priming 13
2.2 Theories on Mental Lexicon 14 2.3 Theoretical Models of Bilingual Lexical Processing 17 2.3.1 Bilingual Interactive Activation Model 18 2.3.2 Semantic, Orthographic and Phonological Interactive Activation Model 21 2.3.3 BIA Model 22 2.3.4 Weinrich’s Model 23 2.3.5 Concept Mediation Model and Word Association Model 24 2.3.6 Revised Hierarchical Model 26 2.3.7 Distributed Concept Feature Model 28 2.3.8 Shared Asymmetrical Model 29 2.3.9 Modified Hierarchical Model 30 2.3.10 Three-Stage Model 32 2.3.11 Sense Model 33 2.3.12 Language Mode Hypothesis 34 2.3.13 Inhibitory Control Model 34 2.3.14 Summary of the Theoretical Models 35
2.4 The Empirical Studies on Bilingual Activation 37 2.4.1 Lexical Decision Task 39 2.4.2 Semantic Relatedness Judgment 55 2.4.3 Translation 62 2.4.4 Picture-Word Interference Task 68 2.4.5 Other Tasks 76 2.4.6 Limitations of the Previous Empirical Studies 79 2.4.6.1 Studies at the Sub-Lexical Level 79 2.4.6.2 Types of Bilinguals Investigated 80 2.4.6.3 Research Technique 81 2.4.6.4 Stimuli 82 2.4.6.5 Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) 82
2.5 Summary 83
Chapter Three Methodology 3.1 Research Questions 85 3.2 Overview of the Experiment Rationale and Design 87 3.2.1 Rationale 87 3.2.2 Design 90
3.3 Methods in Experiment 1 91 3.3.1 Participants 91 3.3.2 Experiment Design and Materials 92 3.3.3 Experiment Procedures 95 3.3.4 Data Recording and Analyses 97 3.3.4.1 Behavioral Data 97 3.3.4.2 Electrophysiological Data 98
3.4 Methods in Experiment 2 99 3.4.1 Participants 99 3.4.2 Experiment Design and Materials 100 3.4.3 Experiment Procedures 101 3.4.4 Data Recording and Analyses 103 3.4.4.1 Behavioral Data 103 3.4.4.2 Electrophysiological Data 104
3.5 Summary 104
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 4.1 Results 108 4.1.1 Behavioral Data 108 4.1.2 Electrophysiological Data 117 4.1.2.1 Visual Inspection 117 4.1.2.2 Midline Statistical Analyses 126 4.1.2.3 Lateral Statistical Analyses 135
4.2 Discussion 146 4.2.1 The Locus of L1 Chinese Automatic Activation During L2 English Processing 146 4.2.1.1 The Locus of L1 Chinese Automatic Activation in Deep Processing 147 4.2.1.2 The Locus of L1 Chinese Automatic Activation in Shallow Processing 155 4.2.1.3 Summary of the Discussion on Locus 157 4.2.2 The Time Course of L1 Chinese Automatic Activation During L2 English Processing 157 4.2.2.1 The Time Course of L1 Chinese Automatic Activation in Deep Processing 159 4.2.2.2 The Time Course of L1 Chinese Automatic Activation in Shallow Processing 161 4.2.2.3 Summary of the Discussion on Time Course 171
4.3 Summary 171
Chapter Five General Discussion 173 5.1 Predictions of Two Theoretical Models 173 5.1.1 Predictions of the BIA Model 173 5.1.2 Predictions of the RHM 177
5.2 Extended Hierarchical Model 179 5.3 The Cognitive Mechanism of L1 Chinese Automatic Activation During L2 English Processing as Is Predicted in the EHM 180 5.4 Summary 183
Chapter Six Conclusion 185 6.1 Major Findings 185 6.2 Implications 188 6.3 Limitations and Recommendations 191
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