preface authors introduction section i survey 1 what is grammar? what is grammar for? language without grammar problems solving the problems 2 from simplicity to plety: word classes and structures word classes code and message: from words to phrases clauses subjects and objects mood analysing phrases and clauses clauses inside clauses the units of language 3 grammar in the worlds languages word classes structural types morphological plety agreement meanings why is everything so plicated ? 4 grammar and vocabulary how different are grammar and vocabulary? the grammar of words on the frontier language in use: chunking a continuum 5 grammar in spoken and written text speech and writing buil phrases, clauses, and utterances reference and context given and new: information flow and topic-maintenance text structuring face formal and informal language spe kinds of text 6 grammar and language change 1,ooo years of change in english mechanisms of change analogy phoic erosion grammaticalization speed of change how did it all start? 7 grammar in society: correctness and standardization language under attack what do we mean by incorrect? mistakes variation dialect forms alternative usage authorities: descriptive and prescriptive rules problems with prescriptive rules ripples on the ocean the desire for standardization the price of standardization 8 grammar in the head investigating language from outside to inside learnability and universal grammar problems with the innatist view usage-based associative learning modularity: grammar in the brain section 2 reas section 3 references section 4 glossary acknowledgements
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