Contents Acknowledgments lxxvii Introduction to the third edition lxxx Part I Major trends in twentieth-century language teaching 1 1 A brief history of early developments in language teaching 3 2 The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching 24 3 The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching 54 4 The Audiolingual Method 71 Part II Current approaches and methods 99 5 Communicative Language Teaching 101 6 Content-Based Instruction and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) 142 7 Whole Language 171 8 Competency-Based Language Teaching, standards, and the Common European Framework of Reference 185 9 Task-Based Language Teaching 216 10 Text-Based Instruction 249 11 The Lexical Approach 267 12 Multiple Intelligences 286 13 Cooperative Language Learning 303 Part III Alternative twentieth-century approaches and methods 321 14 The Natural Approach 323 15 Total Physical Response 344 16 The Silent Way 358 17 Community Language Learning 376 18 Suggestopedia 394 Part IV The teaching and learning environment 409 19?Learners, approaches, and methods 411 20?Teachers, approaches, and methods 431 21?Approaches, methods, and the curriculum 454 22?Postscript 477 Appendix: Comparison of approaches and methods 484 Author index 497 Subject index 501
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