目录 Unit 1 Human Body as a Whole Text A Text B Unit 2 Human Diseases Text A Text B Unit 3 The Skeletal System Text A Text B Unit 4 The Muscular System Text A Text B Unit 5 The Digestive System Text A Text B Unit 6 The Respiratory System Text A Text B Unit 7 Cardiovascular System I: The Blood and Blood Circulation Text A Text B Unit 8 Cardiovascular System II. The Heart and Blood Vessels .. Text A Text B Unit 9 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Text A Text B Glossary
内容摘要 Physiology Physiology is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things。 It is important in physiology to recognize structures as dynamic rather than static, or unchanging。 The major goals of physiology are to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli, and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment。 Physiology is divided according to the organisms involved or the levels of organization within a given organism。 Human physiology is the study of a specific organism, the human,whereas cellular and systemic physiology are examples of physiology that emphasize specific organizational levels。Structural and Functional Organization The body can be studied at six structural levels: the chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism。 Chemical The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup。 The chemical level of organization involves interactions among atoms and their combinations into molecules。 The function of a molecule is related intimately to its structure。 For example, collagen molecules are strong, ropelike fibers that give skin structural strength and flexibility。 With old age, the structure of collagen changes and the skin becomes fragile and is torn more easily。 Cell Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals。 Molecules can combine to form organelles, which are the small structures that make up cells。 For example, the nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary information and mitochondria manufacture adenosine triphosphate(ATP), which is a molecule used by cells for a source of energy。 Although cell types differ in their structure and function, they have many characteristics in common。Knowledge of these characteristics and their variations is essential to a basic understanding of anatomy and physiology。 Tissue A tissue is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue。 The many tissues that make up the body are classified into four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous。 ……
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